Tried making the perm permissions faster by perparing queries

Previously, process name was grabbed from `/proc/pid/cmdline`. This was
revealed to be faulty, since the path to the executable might be
relative, and thus would change the result depending on how the program
was called. Also, it made executable renaming a viable bypass of the
entire access control.

I still don't fully undestand how I managed to not think of this before
:)

.gitignore

@@ -4,3 +4,5 @@ build/*
 test/protected/*
 test/.pt.db
 compile_commands.json
+test/perf*
+test/callgraph*

Makefile

@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ endif
 
 # set up cflags and libs
 
-CFLAGS := -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64
+CFLAGS := -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 -g
 LDFLAGS :=
 
 CFLAGS += $(shell pkg-config --cflags $(PACKAGE_NAMES))
 LDFLAGS += $(shell pkg-config --libs $(PACKAGE_NAMES))
 
 ifeq ($(DEBUG),1)
-	CFLAGS += -O0 -pedantic -g -Wall -Wextra -Wcast-align \
+	CFLAGS += -O0 -pedantic -Wall -Wextra -Wcast-align \
 						-Wcast-qual -Wdisabled-optimization -Wformat=2 \
 						-Winit-self -Wlogical-op -Wmissing-declarations \
 						-Wmissing-include-dirs -Wredundant-decls -Wshadow \

src/fuse_operations.c

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
   See the file LICENSE.
 */
 
+#include <stddef.h>
 #define FUSE_USE_VERSION 31
 
 #define _GNU_SOURCE
@@ -39,23 +40,58 @@
 #include "sourcefs.h"
 #include "ui-socket.h"
 
-// TODO: move this to other file
 const char *get_process_name_by_pid(const int pid) {
-  char *name = (char *)calloc(1024, sizeof(char));
+  char path[1024];
-  if (name) {
+  sprintf(path, "/proc/%d/exe", pid);
-    sprintf(name, "/proc/%d/cmdline", pid);
+
-    FILE *f = fopen(name, "r");
+  char *name = realpath(path, NULL);
-    if (f) {
+  if (name == NULL) {
-      size_t size;
+    fprintf(stderr, "Could not get process name by pid %d", pid);
-      size = fread(name, sizeof(char), 1024, f);
+    perror("");
-      if (size > 0) {
-        if ('\n' == name[size - 1])
-          name[size - 1] = '\0';
   }
-      fclose(f);
+
+  /*
+  size_t namelen = 32;
+  ssize_t readret = 0;
+  char *name = NULL;
+  while (namelen >= (size_t)readret && readret > 0) {
+    namelen *= 2;
+    name = calloc(namelen, sizeof(char));
+    if (name == NULL) {
+      free(path);
+      fprintf(stderr, "Could not get get process name by pid %d", pid);
+      perror("");
+      return NULL;
+    }
+    readret = readlink(path, name, namelen);
+    if (readret < 0) {
+      free(name);
+      free(path);
+      fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't get process name by pid %d", pid);
+      perror("");
+      return NULL;
+    }
+    if (namelen >= (size_t)readret) {
+      free(name);
     }
   }
+  */
+
   return name;
+
+  /*
+  FILE *file = fopen(path, "r");
+  if (file) {
+    size_t size = 0;
+    size = fread(path, sizeof(char), 1024, file);
+    if (size > 0) {
+      if ('\n' == path[size - 1]) {
+        path[size - 1] = '\0';
+      }
+    }
+    fclose(file);
+  }
+  */
 }
 
 // TODO: move this somewhere else
@@ -70,8 +106,8 @@ static void *xmp_init(struct fuse_conn_info *conn, struct fuse_config *cfg) {
      To make parallel_direct_writes valid, need either set cfg->direct_io
      in current function (recommended in high level API) or set fi->direct_io
      in xmp_create() or xmp_open(). */
-  // cfg->direct_io = 1;
+  cfg->direct_io = 1;
-  // cfg->parallel_direct_writes = 1;
+  cfg->parallel_direct_writes = 1;
 
   /* Pick up changes from lower filesystem right away. This is
      also necessary for better hardlink support. When the kernel
@@ -83,18 +119,19 @@ static void *xmp_init(struct fuse_conn_info *conn, struct fuse_config *cfg) {
   cfg->entry_timeout = 0;
   cfg->attr_timeout = 0;
   cfg->negative_timeout = 0;
+  fprintf(stderr, "%d\n", getpid());
 
   return NULL;
 }
 
 static int xmp_getattr(const char *path, struct stat *stbuf,
-                       struct fuse_file_info *fi) {
+                       struct fuse_file_info *file_info) {
   int res;
 
   (void)path;
 
-  if (fi)
+  if (file_info)
-    res = fstat(fi->fh, stbuf);
+    res = fstat(file_info->fh, stbuf);
   else
     res = source_stat(path, stbuf);
   if (res == -1) {
@@ -106,38 +143,39 @@ static int xmp_getattr(const char *path, struct stat *stbuf,
 }
 
 static int xmp_access(const char *path, int mask) {
-  int res;
+  int res = -1;
 
   // if mask is F_OK, then we don't need to check the permissions
   // (is that possible?)
 
   if (mask != F_OK) {
-    struct process_info pi;
+    struct process_info proc_info;
-    struct fuse_context *fc = fuse_get_context();
+    struct fuse_context *context = fuse_get_context();
 
-    pi.PID = fc->pid;
+    proc_info.PID = context->pid;
-    pi.name = get_process_name_by_pid(pi.PID);
+    proc_info.name = get_process_name_by_pid(proc_info.PID);
 
     // fprintf(stderr, "%s, %d\n", path, ask_access(path, pi));
 
-    if (!interactive_access(real_filename(path), pi, 0)) {
+    if (!interactive_access(real_filename(path), proc_info, 0)) {
-      free(pi.name);
+      free((void *)proc_info.name);
       return -EACCES;
     }
 
-    free(pi.name);
+    free((void *)proc_info.name);
   }
 
   res = source_access(path, mask);
 
-  if (res == -1)
+  if (res == -1) {
     return -errno;
+  }
 
   return 0;
 }
 
 static int xmp_readlink(const char *path, char *buf, size_t size) {
-  int res;
+  int res = -1;
 
   res = readlink(path, buf, size - 1);
   if (res == -1)
@@ -264,17 +302,18 @@ static int xmp_mknod(const char *path, mode_t mode, dev_t rdev) {
 */
 
 static int xmp_mkdir(const char *path, mode_t mode) {
-  int res;
+  int res = -1;
 
   res = source_mkdir(path, mode);
-  if (res == -1)
+  if (res == -1) {
     return -errno;
+  }
 
   return 0;
 }
 
 static int xmp_unlink(const char *path) {
-  int res;
+  int res = -1;
   struct process_info pi;
   struct fuse_context *fc = fuse_get_context();
 

src/main.c

@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
 #define _GNU_SOURCE
 
 #include <fuse3/fuse.h>
-
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "fuse_operations.h"
 #include "sourcefs.h"
@@ -26,25 +27,35 @@
 const char *mountpoint = NULL;
 
 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-  umask(0);
+  if (argc < 3) {
-
+    fprintf(stderr, "Usage: icfs <FUSE arguments> [target directory] [path to "
-  mountpoint = realpath(argv[argc - 1], NULL);
+                    "the permanent permissions database\n");
-
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
-  int ret = source_init(mountpoint);
-  if (ret != 0) {
-    perror("source_init");
-    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }
 
-  ret = init_ui_socket();
+  // if umask != 0, the filesystem will create files with more restrictive
+  // permissions than it's caller reqested
+  umask(0);
+
+  // ui socket should always be initialized before anything else, since it
+  // handles the setuid bits!
+  int ret = init_ui_socket(argv[argc - 1]);
   if (ret != 0) {
     fprintf(stderr, "Could not initalize ui-socket.\n");
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }
 
-  ret = fuse_main(argc, argv, get_fuse_operations(), NULL);
+  mountpoint = realpath(argv[argc - 2], NULL);
 
-  free(mountpoint);
+  ret = source_init(mountpoint);
+  if (ret != 0) {
+    perror("source_init");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+
+  ret = fuse_main(argc - 1, argv, get_fuse_operations(), NULL);
+
+  free((void *)mountpoint);
   destroy_ui_socket();
   return ret;
 }

src/perm_permissions_table.c

@@ -1,10 +1,24 @@
+/*
+  ICFS: Interactively Controlled File System
+  Copyright (C) 2024-2025  Fedir Kovalov
+
+  This program can be distributed under the terms of the GNU GPLv2.
+  See the file LICENSE.
+*/
+
 #include "perm_permissions_table.h"
 #include "process_info.h"
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
 #include <sqlite3.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <sys/fsuid.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 sqlite3 *perm_database = NULL;
 const char *const table_name = "permissions";
@@ -12,6 +26,39 @@ const char *const table_name = "permissions";
 const int column_count = 2;
 const char *const schema[] = {"executable", "filename"};
 const char *const types[] = {"TEXT", "TEXT"};
+uid_t ruid, euid, current_pid;
+sqlite3_stmt *perm_check_statement = NULL;
+pthread_mutex_t uid_switch = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+
+void set_db_fsuid() {
+  pthread_mutex_lock(&uid_switch);
+  if (current_pid == ruid)
+    return;
+
+  int status = -1;
+
+  status = setfsuid(ruid);
+  if (status < 0) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't set uid to %d.\n", ruid);
+    exit(status);
+  }
+  pthread_mutex_unlock(&uid_switch);
+}
+
+void set_real_fsuid() {
+  pthread_mutex_lock(&uid_switch);
+  if (current_pid == ruid)
+    return;
+
+  int status = -1;
+
+  status = setfsuid(ruid);
+  if (status < 0) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't set uid to %d.\n", euid);
+    exit(status);
+  }
+  pthread_mutex_unlock(&uid_switch);
+}
 
 static int check_table_col_schema(void *notused, int argc, char **argv,
                                   char **colname) {
@@ -21,15 +68,16 @@ static int check_table_col_schema(void *notused, int argc, char **argv,
     fprintf(stderr, "Unexpected amount of arguments given to the callback.\n");
     return 1;
   }
-  int i = atoi(argv[0]);
+  int column_num = atoi(argv[0]);
-  if (i >= column_count) {
+  if (column_num >= column_count) {
     fprintf(stderr, "Table contains more columns than expected.\n");
     return 1;
   }
-  if (strcmp(schema[i], argv[1]) == 0 && strcmp(types[i], argv[2]) == 0) {
+  if (strcmp(schema[column_num], argv[1]) == 0 &&
+      strcmp(types[column_num], argv[2]) == 0) {
     return 0;
   }
-  fprintf(stderr, "Column %d does not conform to the schema.\n", i);
+  fprintf(stderr, "Column %d does not conform to the schema.\n", column_num);
   return 1;
 }
 
@@ -94,6 +142,45 @@ int ensure_database_schema() {
   return 0;
 }
 
+int prepare_sql_queries() {
+  const char *query_template =
+      "SELECT * FROM %s WHERE executable = ? AND filename = ?;";
+  char *query_string = NULL;
+  int query_len = snprintf(NULL, 0, query_template, table_name) + 1;
+
+  if (query_len < 0) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to prepare statement");
+    perror("");
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  query_string = malloc(query_len);
+  if (query_string == NULL) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory for the query");
+    perror("");
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  int ret = snprintf(query_string, query_len, query_template, table_name);
+  if (ret < 0) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to prepare statement");
+    perror("");
+    free(query_string);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  if (sqlite3_prepare_v2(perm_database, query_string, -1, &perm_check_statement,
+                         NULL) != SQLITE_OK) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to prepare statement: %s\n",
+            sqlite3_errmsg(perm_database));
+    free(query_string);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  free(query_string);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+void free_sql_queries(void) { sqlite3_finalize(perm_check_statement); }
 /**
  * Initializes the permanent permissions table.
  *
@@ -101,21 +188,45 @@ int ensure_database_schema() {
  * @return: 0 on success, -1 on failure
  */
 int init_perm_permissions_table(const char *db_filename) {
-  if (sqlite3_open(db_filename, &perm_database)) {
+  // we don't want the group and others to access the db
-    perror("Can't open permanent permissions database:");
+  umask(0077);
+  ruid = getuid();
+  euid = geteuid();
+  fprintf(stderr, "Running with uid: %d, gid: %d\n", euid, getegid());
+
+  if (sqlite3_open_v2(db_filename, &perm_database,
+                      SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE |
+                          SQLITE_OPEN_FULLMUTEX,
+                      NULL)) {
+    perror("Can't open permanent permissions database");
     return -1;
   }
+  umask(0);
   if (ensure_database_schema()) {
     fprintf(stderr, "Database schema is not correct.\n");
     return -1;
   }
+
+  int status = seteuid(ruid);
+  if (status < 0) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't set euid to ruid.\n");
+    exit(status);
+  }
+
+  if (prepare_sql_queries()) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't prepare sql queries.\n");
+    exit(status);
+  }
   return 0;
 }
 
 /**
  * Destroys the permanent permissions table.
  */
-void destroy_perm_permissions_table() { sqlite3_close(perm_database); }
+void destroy_perm_permissions_table(void) {
+  free_sql_queries();
+  sqlite3_close(perm_database);
+}
 
 /**
  * Checks if the process has a permanent access to the file.

src/perm_permissions_table.h

@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+/*
+  ICFS: Interactively Controlled File System
+  Copyright (C) 2024-2025  Fedir Kovalov
+
+  This program can be distributed under the terms of the GNU GPLv2.
+  See the file LICENSE.
+*/
 
 #ifndef PERM_PERMISSION_TABLE_H
 #define PERM_PERMISSION_TABLE_H

src/process_info.h

@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+/*
+  ICFS: Interactively Controlled File System
+  Copyright (C) 2024-2025  Fedir Kovalov
+
+  This program can be distributed under the terms of the GNU GPLv2.
+  See the file LICENSE.
+*/
 
 #ifndef PROCESS_INFO_H
 #define PROCESS_INFO_H

src/sourcefs.c

@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ int source_init(const char *root_path) {
   int root_fd = open(root_path, O_PATH);
 
   if (root_fd == -1) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Could not initialize source file system at %s", root_path);
+    perror("");
     return -1;
   }
 

src/temp_permissions_table.c

@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ unsigned long long get_process_creation_time(pid_t pid) {
 int init_temp_permissions_table() {
   pthread_mutex_init(&temp_permissions_table_lock, PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT);
   init(&temp_permissions_table);
+  return 0;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -225,7 +226,6 @@ int give_temp_access(const char *filename, struct process_info pi) {
   push(&new_permission_entry.allowed_files, strdup(filename));
 
   insert(&temp_permissions_table, pi.PID, new_permission_entry);
-  printf("temp_permissions_table size: %ld\n", size(&temp_permissions_table));
 
   pthread_mutex_unlock(&temp_permissions_table_lock);
   return 0;

src/ui-socket.c

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 #include "perm_permissions_table.h"
 #include "temp_permissions_table.h"
 #include "ui-socket.h"
-#include <errno.h>
 #include <pthread.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -22,17 +21,17 @@
 #include <sys/un.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
-int init_ui_socket() {
+#define ZENITY_TEMP_ALLOW_MESSAGE "Allow this time\n"
-  char line[256];
+
-  FILE *fp;
+int init_ui_socket(const char *perm_permissions_db_filename) {
+  FILE *fp = NULL;
 
   if (init_temp_permissions_table()) {
     fprintf(stderr, "Could not initialize temporary permissions table.\n");
     return 1;
   }
 
-  if (init_perm_permissions_table(
+  if (init_perm_permissions_table(perm_permissions_db_filename)) {
-          "/home/fedir/Developement/uni/ICFS/test/.pt.db")) {
     fprintf(stderr, "Could not initialize permanent permissions table.\n");
     return 1;
   }
@@ -44,13 +43,11 @@ int init_ui_socket() {
     return 1;
   }
 
-  while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp))
-    printf("%s", line);
   pclose(fp);
   return 0;
 }
 
-void destroy_ui_socket() {
+void destroy_ui_socket(void) {
   destroy_temp_permissions_table();
   destroy_perm_permissions_table();
 }
@@ -64,16 +61,16 @@ void destroy_ui_socket() {
  * @return: 0 if access is denied, 1 if access is allowed, 2 if access is
  * allowed for the runtime of the process
  */
-int ask_access(const char *filename, struct process_info pi) {
+int ask_access(const char *filename, struct process_info proc_info) {
-  FILE *fp;
+  FILE *fp = NULL;
   size_t command_len =
-      139 + sizeof(pid_t) * 8 + strlen(pi.name) + strlen(filename);
+      139 + sizeof(pid_t) * 8 + strlen(proc_info.name) + strlen(filename);
   char *command = (char *)malloc(command_len);
   snprintf(command, command_len,
            "zenity --question --extra-button \"Allow this time\" --title "
            "\"Allow Access?\" --text \"Allow process "
            "<tt>%s</tt> with PID <tt>%d</tt> to access <tt>%s</tt>\"",
-           pi.name, pi.PID, filename);
+           proc_info.name, proc_info.PID, filename);
 
   // Zenity Question Message Popup
   fp = popen(command, "r");
@@ -87,10 +84,10 @@ int ask_access(const char *filename, struct process_info pi) {
   // if the user clicks the "Allow this time" button, `zenity` will only
   // write it to `stdout`, but the exit code will still be `1`. So, we need
   // to manually check the output.
-  char buffer[1024];
+  char buffer[sizeof(ZENITY_TEMP_ALLOW_MESSAGE) + 1];
   while (fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), fp)) {
     printf("%s", buffer);
-    if (strcmp(buffer, "Allow this time\n") == 0) {
+    if (strcmp(buffer, ZENITY_TEMP_ALLOW_MESSAGE) == 0) {
       pclose(fp);
       return 2;
     }
@@ -117,9 +114,11 @@ int ask_access(const char *filename, struct process_info pi) {
  * @param opts: options (GRANT_TEMP, GRANT_PERM)
  * @return: 0 if access is denied, 1 if access is allowed
  */
-int interactive_access(const char *filename, struct process_info pi, int opts) {
+int interactive_access(const char *filename, struct process_info proc_info,
+                       int opts) {
 
-  if (check_temp_access(filename, pi) || check_perm_access(filename, pi)) {
+  if (check_temp_access(filename, proc_info) ||
+      check_perm_access(filename, proc_info)) {
     // access was already granted before
     return 1;
   }
@@ -128,22 +127,24 @@ int interactive_access(const char *filename, struct process_info pi, int opts) {
   // permissions are granted
 
   if (opts & GRANT_PERM) {
-    give_perm_access(filename, pi);
+    give_perm_access(filename, proc_info);
     return 1;
   }
   if (opts & GRANT_TEMP) {
-    give_temp_access(filename, pi);
+    give_temp_access(filename, proc_info);
     return 1;
   }
 
-  int user_response = ask_access(filename, pi);
+  int user_response = ask_access(filename, proc_info);
   if (user_response == 1) {
     // user said "yes"
-    give_perm_access(filename, pi);
+    give_perm_access(filename, proc_info);
     return 1;
-  } else if (user_response == 2) {
+  }
+
+  if (user_response == 2) {
     // user said "yes, but only this time"
-    give_temp_access(filename, pi);
+    give_temp_access(filename, proc_info);
     return 1;
   }
 

src/ui-socket.h

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
  *
  * @return: 0 on success, -1 on faliure.
  */
-int init_ui_socket(void);
+int init_ui_socket(const char *perm_permissions_db_filename);
 
 /**
  * Close the GUI communication.

test/mock/zenity

@@ -12,10 +12,17 @@ else
     if [[ $FAKE_ZENITY_RESPONSE == "yes_tmp" ]]; then
       printf "Allow this time\n"
       exit 1
+    elif [[ $FAKE_ZENITY_RESPONSE == "yes_tmp_alt" ]]; then
+      printf "Allow this time\n"
+      echo "yes_alt" >~/.fake_zenity_response
+      exit 1
     elif [[ $FAKE_ZENITY_RESPONSE == "no" ]]; then
       exit 1
     elif [[ $FAKE_ZENITY_RESPONSE == "yes" ]]; then
       exit 0
+    elif [[ $FAKE_ZENITY_RESPONSE == "yes_alt" ]]; then
+      echo "yes_tmp_alt" >~/.fake_zenity_response
+      exit 0
     fi
   fi
 fi

test/test.bash

@@ -16,9 +16,31 @@ PATH="$(realpath ./mock/):$PATH"
 # mount the filesystem
 
 echo "Run $(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S) "
-valgrind -s ../build/icfs -o default_permissions ./protected &
+if [[ $1 == "--setuid" ]]; then
-
+  echo "Setting the setuid bit..."
+  echo "root privilieges are required to create a special user and set correct ownership of the executable."
+  id -u icfs &>/dev/null || sudo useradd --system --user-group icfs
+  sudo chown icfs: ../build/icfs && sudo chmod 4777 ../build/icfs
+  chmod g+w . # needed for icfs to be able to create the database
+  echo "Valgrind will not be used due to setuid compatibility issues."
+  ../build/icfs -o default_permissions ./protected ./.pt.db &
+  sleep 1
+elif [[ $1 == "--perf" ]]; then
+  echo "Profiling with perf..."
+  ../build/icfs -o default_permissions ./protected ./.pt.db &
+  echo "Profiling will require root privilieges."
+  sleep 3
+  echo "Attaching to $(pgrep icfs)"
+  sudo perf record -g -e cycles:u --call-graph dwarf -p $(pgrep icfs) &
+  sleep 10
+else
+  echo "Database protection will not be tested due to the lack of setuid capabilites."
+  echo "To test it, run this script with '--setuid'."
+  valgrind --leak-check=full -s ../build/icfs -o default_permissions ./protected ./.pt.db &
   sleep 5
+fi
+
+#valgrind -s ../build/icfs -o default_permissions ./protected &
 
 # WARN: please don't use `>` or `>>` operators. They force **this script** to open the file, **not the program you are trying to run**. This is probably not what you mean when you want to test a specific program's access.
 # WARN: avoid using touch, since it generates errors because setting times is not implemented in icfs **yet**.
@@ -105,9 +127,36 @@ cat ./protected/motto >/dev/null 2>/dev/null &&
   echo "[ICFS-TEST]: OK" ||
   echo "[ICFS-TEST]: echo cannot read protected/motto despite access being permitted!" # OK
 
+# test database access
+if [[ -r "./.pt.db" || -w "./.pt.db" ]]; then
+  echo "[ICFS-TEST]: permanent permissions is accessible!"
+else
+  echo "[ICFS-TEST]: OK"
+fi
+
+if [[ $1 == "--perf" ]]; then
+  zenity --set-fake-response yes_tmp
+  rm -rf ./protected/*
+  zenity --set-fake-response yes_alt
+  bonnie++ -p 4
+  bonnie++ -d ./protected -c 4 -r 256 -y s >/dev/null &
+  bonnie++ -d ./protected -c 4 -r 256 -y s >/dev/null &
+  bonnie++ -d ./protected -c 4 -r 256 -y s >/dev/null &
+  bonnie++ -d ./protected -c 4 -r 256 -y s >/dev/null
+  bonnie++ -p -1
+fi
+
 # unmount
 
 sleep 0.5
 #lsof +f -- $(realpath ./protected)
 umount $(realpath ./protected)
 sleep 0.5
+
+if [[ $1 == "--perf" ]]; then
+  mv ./callgraph.png ./callgraph_old.png
+  real_user=$USER
+  sudo chown "$real_user" ./perf.data
+  perf script --dsos=icfs | gprof2dot -f perf | dot -Tpng -o callgraph.png
+  echo "Profile graph was written to \"callgraph.png\""
+fi